Categories: 教育 • 留学

雅思写作中因果关系难倒考生 三类关系干货总结

(澳洲生活网讯)雅思写作考试中,因果关系的表达常常难倒很多考生,本文中,新东方在线刘美娟老师精选雅思常考话题,将雅思写作中因果关系表达的干货做了详尽整理,希望对大家备考雅思有帮助。

雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类,具体包括三小类:cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。这三小类问题也可以穿起来,即针对某个topic的cause—effect (即problem) – solution。

无论哪种题目,写明因果关系很重要。关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉,无非是BS(because / so),而且大家也一定很清楚的知道BS在英语中,用了前者就不能用后者的道理。例如:

Because further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, an increasing number of people have degrees.

Further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, so an increasing number of people have degrees.

但是除了BS之外,还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达,具体如下:

Because系列(表原因):

1.because of : because后接的是一个句子(主谓宾);because of 后一般直接跟名词。例如:

Because of the increasing number of machine—and as we noted before, machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine can get a higher wage than anyone not using a machine.

2.as / since(除了“因为“外,还有”自从”的意思,使用时要注意避免歧义)

Hours spent on commuting, traffic jams, and fights for parking should diminish, since workers make fewer journeys or work staggered hours.

Unfortunately, as the number of people living in the city increases, so do the different problems associated with population growth. (注意此句中的so不表示“所以”,而是“…也…”的意思)

3.thanks to(positive situations通常适用于结果好的时候)

Thanks to new technology, it’s easier than ever to work remotely.

due to (negative situations通常使用与结果不好的时候)

owing to / attributable to /on account of.

Due to /… / On account of extreme weather conditions, damage to property occurs.

4.当原因需要的表达较多时,我们还可以把以上表达改写为原因状语从句,使用thanks to the fact that / due to the fact that /owing to the fact that或者on the grounds that ,,,

Will we live longer merely due to the fact that / on the grounds that technology, if implemented properly, will take stress away from our lives

5.caused by /result from也表原因

Many car accidents were resulted from / caused bya lack of guardrails

So系列(表结果):

1.thus/ therefore/ thereby / hence

thus:表示‘in this/that way’

As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas.

therefore:表示 ‘for this reason’ /‘because of this or that’

Therefore, the influence of the peer group is important both for one’s own competence and for the relative evaluation of the process itself, given that one sees oneself in relation to others.

thereby: by that means, as a result of that

In some countries, reduced budgets have led to the elimination of busing systems, thereby increasing the use of cars and the congestion they create.

hence: 表示 ‘from this/that’

Drinking lots of water is healthy and reducing plastic waste is great for the environment. Hence, trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green.

2.As a result /As a consequence

As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter skin, which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.

As a consequence, environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.

3.consequently/ accordingly

Consequently更偏重因果逻辑;accordingly更偏重后续解决

Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.

Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.

Cause系列(表结果):

1.cause(v.)引起

The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases which causes sanitary landfills to fill up faster.

2.lead to / result in导致

注意这里是result in, 后跟结果,前面提到的result from后面跟的是原因。

The society’s attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.

3.bring about: to cause to take place 引起,带来(注意使用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思)

The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.

4.spark off引发、引爆,具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等(=trigger / activate),或指”点燃“(=inspire)

Spark off a series of problems / a chain of events related to…

They can spark off each other’s talents

affect系列(影响到)

1.Affect / influence

More likely than not, getting a vehicle from point “A” to point “B” involves combustion of a fossil fuel, a process that emits gasses and affectsthe environment and the ozone layer.

People’s behavior is influenced by circumstances and events, friends and family, education, job prospects, income, housing and environment.

2.impact on对…产生影响 (impact 一般做名词使用,也可以作为动词)

Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous growth in information technology, which can impact on our everyday life.

3.give rise to使发生

The decrease in the number of bicycles and cars might give rise to another new set of problems.

名词系列(因果)

1.cause(of sth.) / reason 原因

Obesity can be divided into three main causes – diet, lifestyle and education.

Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons.

2.result (for sth.) / effect 结果

This is a difficult problem with many serious effects on the individual and country.

Another result is lack of self-esteem.

3.causality因果关系 (cause and effect)causation 原因

The correlation between population and housing price does not indicated causality, only the association.这里的causality也可以换成: causal effect (因果效应)

Such a causality-driven, prevention-focused approach to homicide and other serious crime would revolutionize our conception of criminal justice, moving from the imposition of “just deserts” to the enlightened pursuit of a less violent society.

4.impact/ influence影响

This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your life

Friends have a big influence on the way that we use social media—from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.

形容词系列(因果)表示因果的形容词不是很常用,使用时多和factor, element 结合

1.causal 原因的,因果的

Low income and elderly are among the potential causalfactors of prevalence of obesity among adults.

2.consequential 结果的,随之发生的

Measures other than ratings will prove more consequential.

3.influential影响的,有影响力的(大多数情况下使用第二个意思)

Family is the most influential factor on happiness.

如果能够准确无误的使用以上因果关系表达,就完成了二段修炼。当然,有输入才能有输出,刘美娟老师建议大家还是要多看多写多练。

This post was last modified on 2016年12月13日 19:39

Recent Posts

一对大熊猫抵达阿德莱德

两只可爱的大熊猫“星秋”和“宜兰”经过15 个小时的飞行,从中国抵达了澳大利亚。 Read More

2 hours ago

澳洲推出了全新“国家创新签证”

澳洲年底前将推出了全新的“国家创新签证”(NIV),取代目前的“全球人才独立计划”(Global Talent Independent Program)。新计划旨在吸引全球的各行业高技能人才,特别是在关键领域拥有卓越成就的专业人士。 Read More

2 hours ago

铁路大罢工 悉尼跨年烟花表演或被取消

新州警察局局长凯伦·韦伯威胁说,如果由于铁路罢工导致观看烟花人群的安全无法保证,她将建议取消悉尼标志性的新年前夜烟花表演。 Read More

3 days ago

圣诞假期汽油价格居高不下

在繁忙的圣诞期间,全澳的司机都面临高油价的打击。布里斯班、堪培拉和墨尔本将超过悉尼,成为加油成本最高的城市。 Read More

3 days ago

中国游客无人机“窥探”澳洲军舰 引发热议

12月15日,一个网名为“Ares”的中国游客在“小红书”上发布了三段使用无人机近距离拍摄澳洲海军军舰的视频。引发了网络热议和澳洲参议员Malcolm Roberts的关注。 Read More

3 days ago

夏言聊天室:中共渗透无处不在

更新於 :2024-12-20 03:12 12月初,三名台湾总统府当值宪兵因向中共特务提供机密遭到抓捕,之后中共渗透台湾网红的种种迹象也被媒体爆出,再次引起台湾舆论对中共渗透及《反渗透法》界限的讨论。 从中共诞生以来,统战与渗透一直是中共非常重要的战略手段,从未放松过。上百年来,其渗透能力堪称登峰造极,几乎就是无所不在、无孔不入、无往不胜。中共当局不仅依靠统战与渗透成功地将国民政府赶到了台湾,还将全中国百姓拿捏得服服贴贴。 西方政客的幻想曾造就了中国经济的快速崛起,中共的统战与渗透也随著中国制造的廉价产品全方位地蔓延到了世界各国,并顺利地在各级政府、学术领域,甚至地方社团中埋下种子,打下了长期盘踞的基础。 而散布在世界各国的台湾社团从来就是一个重灾区,在民主环境里成长的台湾人并没有天生的免疫力,一些单纯的台湾人往往在有意无意间被利用了、被渗透了,被统战了,却完全没有意识到自己已经堕落在红色的枷锁之中。 每当人们提到中共的统战与渗透就会联想到特务与间谍,其实统战与渗透的范围极其广泛,广泛到不能简单地用“间谍”的概念来分析论述。 比如说,一些有点影响力的台湾人常常会公开提醒台湾商人,不要在中共不喜欢的媒体上刊登广告,或避免发表支持台湾政府的言论,美其言曰出于“好意”或“保护侨胞”,其实他们已经在中共的战壕里,替中共的统战与渗透发挥影响力了。让人产生恐惧或自觉宣扬“中国好故事”,都是红色渗透中不可或缺的重要环节。 很多海外华人,包括台湾人或东南亚的华裔难民,他们的政治立场往往会随著中共影响力的变化而相应发生变化,有些人从反共走向亲共,之后又宣称反共,自由世界给了他们自由思想的空间,但他们是否真的能在立场的改变过程中摆脱中共势力的束缚呢?那就只有天晓得了。因为中共统战与渗透的力量就像癌细胞,具有顽固的持久性,有时活跃、有时潜水,当沾惹上后想洗心革面就没那么容易。 在澳中经济处于蜜月的年代,澳洲只看到了滚滚而来的金钱,却没注意到中共的金钱是一把双刃剑,它既减轻了澳洲的经济危机,也削弱了澳洲的立国基础,澳洲政府在中共的玩弄下几乎成为了一堆木偶。谭宝政府最终反戈一击推出了“反渗透法”,气焰嚣张的中共和统会也不得不偃旗息鼓。中共的红色势力就此消亡了吗?当然不会!那张渗透的网络不是一天建成的,也不可能在一天内轰然瓦解,该铺垫的早已稳妥,该下的种子也已扎下了根。 英国王子边上埋著红色地雷,中共军人挤进新西兰国会,泛红宪兵在守护台湾总统府,类似的情形比比皆是,澳洲也绝对不会例外,冰冻三尺非一日之寒,区别只在于何时才被发现,西方民主社会的一大特点就是后知后觉。 中国人的群体很简单,亲共与反共都是摆在台面上,多多少少都对澳洲主流产生影响力,其它的绝大多数社团都保持低调,明哲保身,见风使舵,意见统一。 与中国社区相比,台湾社区反而显得比较复杂,那是因为各台湾社团在对台湾的定义上有著差异。 在历史的演变过程中,海外缺乏具有影响力的台湾本土社团代表台湾人发声,一直被认为是台湾人声音的社团并非来自台湾,那是一些民国初期就开张的百年老店,“XX堂”,或“XX会”,以及逃离共产极权迫害的难民组成的“越缅寮”团体,他们都曾接受了中华民国文化教育,本质上捍卫的是中华民国。当中共和统会在全世界粉墨登场后,首当其冲就是对这些社团进行统战与渗透,遗憾的是无一能够幸免。… Read More

3 days ago